Traditional high performance nonwoven filter materials, such as polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fibers, glass fibers, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers are poor at capturing and adsorbing fine particles with inherently large gaps between the micron-sized fibers (Li et al., 2018, Zuo et al., 2017, Bai et al., 2018). To achieve better